In some cases, after the first use of the drug may develop hypersensitivity and allergic reactions, which should immediately inform the doctor. Very rarely even after the first use of the drug, anaphylactic reactions can progress to a life-threatening anaphylactic shock. In these cases, the treatment with moxifloxacin should be discontinued and immediately begin the necessary medical measures (incl.anti-shock).
When moxifloxacin is used, prolongation of the QT interval may be noted in some patients. Since women have a longer QT interval than men, they may be more sensitive to drugs that extend the QT interval. Elderly patients are also more prone to drugs that affect the QT interval. The degree of elongation of the QT interval may increase with increasing drug concentration, therefore, do not exceed the recommended dose. However, in patients with pneumonia, there was no correlation between the concentration of moxifloxacin in the blood plasma and the prolongation of the QT interval. The prolongation of the QT interval is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias, including polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. None of the 9,000 patients who received moxifloxacin, there were no cardiovascular complications and lethal cases associated with prolongation of the QT interval.
With the use of moxifloxacin, the risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias in patients with predisposing arrhythmias may increase. Concerning moxifloxacin contraindicated in:
- Changes in the electrophysiological parameters of the heart, expressed in QT interval elongation: congenital or acquired documented QT interval prolongations, electrolyte disturbances, especially uncorrected hypokalemia, clinically significant bradycardia; clinically significant heart failure with a reduced fraction of the left ventricular ejection; in the presence of a history of rhythm disturbances, accompanied by clinical symptoms (since it is impossible to exclude the risk of developing an extension of the QT interval;
- Use with other drugs that extend the QT interval (see section "Interaction with other medicinal products").
When moxifloxacin was used, cases of fulminant hepatitis, potentially leading to hepatic insufficiency (including fatal cases) were reported (see "Side effect"). The patient should be informed that if symptoms of hepatic insufficiency (anorexia, jaundice, darkening of the urine, pruritus, abdominal pain) appear, you should consult your doctor before continuing with moxifloxacin.
When moxifloxacin was used, cases of developing bullous skin lesions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis, were reported.The patient should be informed that in case of symptoms of skin or mucous membrane damage, the doctor should be consulted before continuing with moxifloxacin.
The use of drugs quinolone series is associated with a possible risk of seizures. Moxifloxacin should be used with caution in patients with CNS diseases and CNS disorders, predisposing to the onset of seizures or reducing the threshold of seizure activity.
The use of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs, including moxifloxacin, is associated with a risk of developing pseudomembranous colitis. This diagnosis should be kept in mind in patients who have severe diarrhea with moxifloxacin. In this case, immediate therapy should be prescribed. Drugs that inhibit the peristalsis of the intestine are contraindicated in the development of severe diarrhea.
Moxifloxacin should be used with caution in patients with myasthenia gravis in connection with possible exacerbation of the disease.
Against the background of quinolone therapy, including moxifloxacin, tendonitis and tendon rupture are possible, especially in the elderly and patients,receiving glucocorticosteroids. Cases which have arisen within several months after the end of treatment are described. At the first symptoms of pain or inflammation at the site of damage, the drug should be stopped and unloaded.
If there is a violation of the vision, consultation of the ophthalmologist is necessary.
When applying quinolones, photosensitivity reactions are noted. However, in pre-clinical and clinical studies, as well as with the use of moxifloxacin, no photosensitivity reactions were observed in practice. However, patients who use moxifloxacin, should avoid exposure to direct sunlight and ultraviolet light.
It is not recommended to use moxifloxacin for the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to methicillin (MRSA). In the case of suspected or confirmed infections caused by MRSA, treatment should be prescribed with appropriate antibacterial drugs.
The ability of moxifloxacin to inhibit the growth of mycobacteria can cause in vitro interaction of moxifloxacin with a test for Mycobacterium spp.,leading to false-negative results in the analysis of samples of patients treated with moxifloxacin during this period.
In patients treated with quinolones, including moxifloxacin, cases of sensory or sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy are described,
Affects small and (or) large axons, and leads to paresthesia of hypostasis, dysesthesia and weakness. Symptoms may appear immediately after application and be irreversible. Patients undergoing treatment with moxifloxacin should be warned of the need for immediate medical attention in the event of neuropathy symptoms including pain, burning, tingling, numbness and / or weakness or other sensitivity disorders, including tactile, pain, temperature, vibration sensitivity and feeling position (see section "Side effect"), Moxifloxacin must be immediately canceled.
Reactions from the psyche may occur even after the first use of fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin. In very rare cases, depression or psychotic reactions progress to the occurrence of suicidal thoughts and behavior with a tendency toself-harm, including suicide attempts (see section "Side effect"). In case of development of such reactions in patients it is necessary to cancel moxifloxacin and take the necessary measures. Caution should be exercised in prescribing moxifloxacin to patients with psychoses and patients with psychiatric illnesses in the anamnesis.
Because of the widespread and growing incidence of infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to fluoroquinolones, monotherapy with moxifloxacin should not be carried out in the treatment of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease. Except in cases where the presence of a resistant to fluoroquinolones, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is excluded. If there is no way to exclude the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to fluoroquinolones, the question of supplementing empirical therapy with moxifloxacin, an appropriate antibacterial drug that is active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, should be addressed.