Introduction of the vaccine Prevenar® 13 elicits antibodies to the capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae, thus providing specific protection against infections caused by the included in the vaccine 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F with pneumococcal serotypes.
According to WHO recommendations for new conjugated pneumococcal vaccines, the equivalence of the immune response of Prevenar® 13 was determined according to three criteria: the percentage of patients who reached the concentration of specific IgG antibodies ≥ 0.35 μg / ml; average geometric concentrations (SGS) of immunoglobulins and opsonophagocyte activity (OFA) of bactericidal antibodies (OFA titer ≥ 1: 8 and average geometric titres (CGT)).For adults The protective level of anti-pneumococcal antibodies is not defined and the serotype-specific OFA (CGT) is used.
The Prevenar® 13 vaccine contains up to 90% of the serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal infections (IPI), including antibiotic-resistant ones.
The immune response when using three or two doses in a series of primary vaccinations
After the introduction three doses Prevenar® 13 in the primary vaccination of children under 6 months of age marked a significant increase in the level of antibodies to all serotypes of the vaccine.
After the introduction two doses with the initial vaccination of Prevenar® 13, a significant increase in antibody titers to all components of the vaccine was also observed in the mass immunization of children of the same age group, for serotypes 6B and 23F IgG ≥ 0.35 μg / ml was detected in a smaller percentage of children. At the same time, a pronounced booster response to revaccination for all serotypes was noted. The formation of immune memory is indicated for both of the above vaccination schemes. Secondary immune response to a revaccinating dose in children of the second year of life the use of three or two doses in a series of primary vaccinations is comparable for all 13 serotypes.
At the time of vaccination of premature infants (born at the gestational age of <37 weeks), including deep premature infants (born at a gestation period of <28 weeks), starting at the age of two months, it was noted that the level of protective specific antiepneumococcal antibodies and their OPA after the completed vaccination course reached values above protective in 87-100% grafted to all thirteen included in the vaccine serotypes.
Immunogenicity in children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years
Children aged 5 to <10 years who had previously received at least one dose of pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine, as well as previously unvaccinated children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, one dose of Prevenar® 13 vaccine, demonstrated an immune response to all 13 serotypes, equivalent to that in children 12-15 months old, vaccinated with four doses of Prevenar® 13.
The single administration of Prevenar® to 13 children aged 5-17 years is able to provide the necessary immune response to all the serotypes of the pathogen that make up the vaccine.
Effectiveness of Prevenar®13
Invasive pneumococcal infection (IPI)
After the introduction of Prevenar® in a 2 + 1 schedule (two doses in the first year of life andrevaccination once in the second year of life) in four years with a 94% coverage of vaccination, 98% (95% CI: 95; 99) caused by vaccine-specific serotypes. After the transition to Prevenar® 13, there was a further decrease in the frequency of IPI caused by vaccine-specific additional serotypes from 76% in children younger than 2 years of age to 91% of children aged 5-14 years.
The serotype-specific efficacy against IPI for the additional serotypes Prevenar® 13 in children <5 years old ranged from 68% to 100% (serotype 3 and 6A, respectively) and was 91% for serotypes 1, 7F and 19A), but there were no cases of IPI caused by serotype 5. After the inclusion of Prevenar® 13 in national immunization programs, the frequency of registration of IPI caused by serotype 3 decreased by 68% (95% CI 6-89%) in children under 5 years of age. A case-control study performed in this age group showed a decrease in the incidence of IPI caused by serotype 3 by 79.5% (95% CI 30.3-94.8).
Otitis media (CO)
After the introduction of Prevenar® vaccination and the subsequent transition to Prevenar® 13 in the 2 + 1 regimen, the incidence of CO caused by serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F and serotype 6A was reduced by 95%, and by 89% decrease in the frequency of CO caused by serotypes 1, 3, 5, 7F and 19A.
Pneumonia
When switching from Prevenar® to Prevenar® 13, there was a 16% reduction in the incidence of all community-acquired pneumonia (PFS) in children aged 1 month to 15 years. Cases of PLE with pleural effusion decreased by 53% (p <0.001), pneumococcal PFS decreased by 63% (p <0.001). In the second year after the introduction of Prevenar® 13, a 74% reduction in the incidence of PFS caused by 6 additional serotypes of Prevenar® 13 was noted. 68% (95% CI: 73%) of children under 5 years after the introduction of Prevenar® 13 vaccination ; 61) a decrease in the number of outpatient visits and 32% (95% CI: 39; 22) a decrease in the number of hospitalizations for alveolar VBP of any etiology.
Carrier and Population Effect
Prevenar® 13 has been shown to reduce the carrier burden in the nasopharynx of vaccine-specific serotypes, in common with the Prevenar® vaccine (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F) and 6 additional (1, 3, 5, 6A , 7A, 19A) and the related serotype 6C.
The population effect (a serotype-specific reduction in the incidence of unvaccinated individuals) has been observed in countries where Prevenar® 13 is used as part of mass immunization for more than 3 years with high vaccination coverage and compliance with the immunization schedule.In unvaccinated Prevenar®, 13 individuals 65 years of age or older have experienced a 25% reduction in IPI, while FTIs caused by serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F have decreased by 89% and 64% additional serotypes (1, 3, 5, 6A, 7A, 19A). The incidence of infections caused by serotype 3 decreased by 44%, serotype 6A - by 95%, serotype 19A - by 65%.
Immunogenicity of Prevenar® 13 in adults
Clinical studies of Prevenar® 13 provide data on immunogenicity in adults 18 years of age and older, including those aged 65 years and those who have previously been vaccinated with one or more doses of polysaccharide pneumococcal 23-valent vaccine (PPV23) 5 years before enrollment in the study. In each study there were healthy adults and immunocompetent patients with chronic diseases in the compensation stage, including concomitant pathology that formed an increased susceptibility to pneumococcal infection (chronic cardiovascular diseases, chronic lung diseases including asthma, kidney and diabetes, chronic liver disease, including alcohol abuse), and adults with social risk factors - smoking and alcohol abuse.Immunogenicity and safety Prevenar® 13 is demonstrated for adults 18 years of age and older, including patients previously vaccinated with PPV23. Immunological equivalence is established for 12 common seroprevalence-23 serotypes. In addition, for a total of 8 serotypes common to the PRV23 and serotype 6A, unique to the Prevenar® 13 vaccine, a statistically significantly higher immune response to Prevenar® 13 was demonstrated. In adults 18-59 years of age, the CGT of opsonophagocytic activity (OFA CGT) to all 13 Prevenar® 13 serotypes were no less than those of adults aged 60-64 years. Moreover, persons aged 50-59 years gave a statistically higher immune response to 9 of 13 serotypes compared to people aged 60-64 years.
The clinical efficacy of Prevenar® 13 in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, CAPITA study (more than 84,000 patients) for community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia (PPP) in adults 65 years and older: 45% for the first runway episode caused by serotypes overlapping Prevenar® 13 (invasive and non-invasive); 75% for invasive infections caused by serotypes overlapping Prevenar® 13.
Immune response in adults previously vaccinated with PPV23
In adults 70 years and older, once vaccinated with PPV23 ≥ 5 years ago, the administration of Prevenar® 13 demonstrated immunological equivalence for 12 common serotypes compared with response to PPV23, with this for 10 common serotypes and serotype 6A, the immune response to Prevenar® 13 was statistically significantly higher than the response to PPV23. Prevenar® 13 gives a more pronounced immune response compared to PPV23 revaccination.
Immune response in specific patient groups
Patients with the diseases described below are at increased risk of pneumococcal infection.
Sickle cell anemia
In an open noncomparative study involving 158 children and adolescents aged ≥6 and <18 years old with sickle cell anemia previously vaccinated with one or more doses of PPV23 at least 6 months before inclusion
the study showed that the administration of the first dose of Prevenar® 13 with double immunization at 6-month intervals resulted in a statistically significant high immune response (IgG SGS for each serotype determined by ELISA and OFA CGT for each serotype). After the second dose, the immune response was comparable to that after the first dose of the drug.
HIV infection
HIV-infected children and adults with a CD4 count ≥ 200 cells / μL (an average of 717.0 cells / μl), a viral load <50,000 copies / ml (an average of 2,090.0 copies / ml), with no active AIDS-associated diseases and not previously vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccine, 3 doses of Prevenar® 13 were obtained. IgG SGA and OFA values were significantly higher after the first vaccination of Prevenar® 13 compared to the pre-vaccination level. The second and third doses (at 6 and 12 months) developed a higher immune response than after a single vaccination with Prevenar® 13.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Children and adults who underwent allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (TGSC) aged ≥ 2 years with complete hematologic remission of the underlying disease or with satisfactory partial remission in the case of lymphoma and myeloma received three doses of Prevenar® 13 at intervals of at least 1 month between doses.
The first dose of the drug was administered 3-6 months after TSCC. A fourth (booster) dose of Prevenar® 13 was administered 6 months after the third dose. In accordance with general recommendations, a single dose of PPV23 was administered at 1 month after the fourth dose of Prevenar® 13. The titers of the functionally active antibodies (OFA CGT) were not determined in this study. Introduction Prevenar® 13 caused an increase in SGS serotype-specific antibodies after each dose. The immune response to the booster dose of Prevenar® 13 was significantly higher for all serotypes compared to the response to the primary immunization series.