Hypersensitivity
Sometimes, after using non-ionic radiopaque agents such as yopromide, anaphylactoid reactions or hypersensitivity reactions or other manifestations of idiosyncrasy from the side of the cardiovascular, respiratory systems and skin are observed. Usually, these reactions, the severity of which can be mild to severe, including the development of shock, occur within 30 minutes after the administration of radiopaque.However, in rare cases, deferred reactions (from hours to days) may develop.
The risk of developing hypersensitivity reactions is higherin the following cases:
- in the presence of previously existing reactions to iodine-containing radiopaque agents,
- if there is an anamnesis of bronchial asthma or other allergic diseases.
In patients with known hypersensitivity to iopromide or any of its components, or with a previous hypersensitivity reaction to some other iodine-containing radiopaque agent, there is an increased risk of developing hypersensitivity reactions (including severe).
Nevertheless, such reactions are rare and unpredictable.
It should be borne in mind that patients taking beta-blockers may be resistant to the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions with drugs that have a beta-adrenergic effect.
In cases of development of severe hypersensitivity reactions, the consequences can be more serious and even lead to a fatal outcome.
In connection with the possibility of developing severe hypersensitivity reactions after the administration of the radiopaque means after the end of the procedure, it is necessary to observe the patient's condition.
In all cases, it is necessary to be prepared, if necessary, to provide emergency care to the patient.
It is recommended to consider the provision of glucocorticosteroid premedication to patients with bronchial asthma or other allergic diseases.
Thyroid dysfunction
Particularly careful weighing of the risk / benefit ratio follows in patients with established or suspected hyperthyroidism, since iodine-containing radiopaque agents can cause them to have hyperthyroidism or a thyrotoxic crisis. Consideration should be given to the need to evaluate thyroid function before administration of yopromide and / or prescribe thyreostatic therapy for preventive purposes in patients with established or suspected hyperthyroidism.
In newborns, especially preterm infants who received iopromide either through the mother during pregnancy or after childbirth, it is recommended to monitor the function of the thyroid gland, since exposure to excessive amounts of iodine can cause hypothyroidism, which may require treatment.
Diseases of the central nervous system
Patients with CNS diseases have an increased risk of neurologic complications due to the administration of yopromide.Neurological complications develop more often when carrying out cerebral angiography and related procedures.
Caution should be exercised in situations where there may be a lowered convulsive threshold, such as having a history of seizures and the concomitant use of certain medications.
Factors that increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, facilitate the penetration of radiopaque into the brain tissue, which can cause reactions from the CNS.
Hydration
Before and after intravascular injection of yopromide, adequate hydration should be provided to minimize the risk of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. This is of particular importance for patients with multiple myeloma, diabetes, polyuria, oliguria, hyperuricemia, as well as for newborns, infants, young children, and elderly patients.
Fear
If there is a feeling of excitement, anxiety and pain, the risk of developing CPD or the intensity of these reactions caused by the radiopaque means may increase. Such patients require more careful observation. In some cases, they may need medication to reduce anxiety.
Conducting a preliminary test
The use of a small amount of radiopaque for carrying out the sensitivity test is not recommended, since it has no prognostic significance. Moreover, carrying out such testing alone can lead to serious and even fatal hypersensitivity reactions.
Renal damage
Nephrotoxicity caused by radiopaque means, which is a transient impairment of kidney function, may occur after intravascular injection of iopromide. In rare cases, acute renal failure may develop.
Risk factors include, for example:
- renal insufficiency;
- dehydration;
- diabetes;
- multiple myeloma / paraproteinaemia;
- repeated and / or large doses of iopromide.
Adequate hydration should be provided in all patients when administered with iopromide. Patients on dialysis can be administered iopromide with a diagnostic purpose, since the iodine-containing radiopaque can be removed from the body by dialysis.
Cardiovascular diseases
In patients with severe heart disease or severe coronary artery disease, the risk of clinically significant changes in hemodynamics and arrhythmia is increased.
Intravascular injection of radiocontrast can cause pulmonary edema in patients with heart failure.
Pheochromocytoma
In patients with pheochromocytoma, there is a risk of developing a hypertensive crisis.
Myasthenia gravis
The introduction of iodine-containing radiopaque means may increase the severity of symptoms of myasthenia gravis gravis.
Thrombogenicity
One of the properties of nonionic radiopaque means is their low ability to influence the normal physiological functions of the body. That is why non-ion radiopaque agents have less anticoagulant activity in vitro, than ionic ones. A number of factors, in addition to the properties of the radiopaque agent itself, such as the duration of the study, the number of injections, the properties of the catheter and the syringe, the state of the disease and the treatment being administered, can influence the development of thromboembolism. Therefore, during the catheterization of the vessel it is necessary to take into account these factors and pay special attention to the performance of the technique of angiography,and also to wash the catheter with 0.9% solution of sodium chloride (if necessary with the addition of heparin) and to minimize the timing of this procedure, in order to minimize the risk of thrombosis and embolism.
Diet suggestions
You can adhere to the usual diet, but in the last 2 hours before the study should refrain from eating.
Solution for injection 370 mg iodine / ml: has special advantages in the conduct of angiocardiography.