Alendronate should be taken with ordinary water only, as other beverages (including mineral water, tea, coffee, fruit juices) impair the absorption of the drug. Taking alendronic acid before bedtime or in a horizontal position increases the risk of esophagitis.
Alendronate can cause local irritation of the mucous membrane of the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. In the treatment of alendronate, cases of unwanted reactions from the side of the esophagus (esophagitis, ulcer or erosion of the esophagus), sometimes occurring in severe form and requiring hospital treatment, are known, and in rare cases complicated by the formation of stricture. It is necessary to control the possibility of the appearance of any signs of the occurrence of undesirable reactions from the side of the esophagus. The patient should be informed of the need to stop taking the drug and contact a doctor when developing dysphagia, pain when swallowing, chest pain, or heartburn.
It is necessary to inform the patient about the possible risk of damage to the mucous membrane of the esophagus if the instructions for use are not observed. The risk of severe adverse reactions from the esophagus is higher in those patients,which violate the recommendations for taking the drug and / or continue to take it when symptoms of esophageal irritation appear. It is especially important to give the patient recommendations for taking the drug so that he understands that the risk of developing an esophageal lesion increases if these recommendations are not implemented.
Alendronate should be administered with extreme caution to patients with exacerbations of upper gastrointestinal disorders such as dysphagia, esophageal diseases, gastritis, duodenitis, ulcers, as well as with active gastrointestinal bleeding, surgery on the upper gastrointestinal tract, with the exception of pyloroplasty, for the possible irritant effect of the drug on the mucous membrane of the upper gastrointestinal tract and worsening of the course of the underlying disease. For patients with a diagnosed Barrett's esophagus, the question of the appointment of alendronate should be decided on an individual basis by assessing the relationship between the expected benefit and the potential risk.
Although there was no increased risk in the extended clinical trials of alendronate, post-marketing reports reported rare cases of stomach and duodenum ulcers, sometimes severe and complicated.
There are cases of local osteonecrosis of the jaw associated mainly with the previous extraction of the tooth and / or a local infection (including osteomyelitis), often with a slow recovery. In most cases, the osteonecrosis of the jaw against the background of bisphosphonate administration occurs in cancer patients receiving intravenous bisphosphonates. Many of the patients also received chemotherapy and glucocorticosteroids. There are also cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with osteoporosis who took bisphosphonates orally. When assessing the individual risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw, the following risk factors should be considered: bisphosphonate activity (highest in zoledronic acid), route of administration and total dose; oncological diseases, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, glucocorticosteroids, smoking; dental disease in the history, poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, invasive dental procedures, poorly selected dentures. Before starting oral bisphosphonate therapy, patients with unsatisfactory dental status are recommended to have a dental examination and preventive medical measures.During the course of bisphosphonates, it is recommended that such patients avoid invasive dental procedures whenever possible. If a patient develops an osteonecrosis of the jaw during therapy with bisphosphonates, surgical dental treatment may worsen his condition. It is not known whether the discontinuation of bisphosphonate treatment reduces the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients who require dental procedures. In each case, the decision should be made by the attending physician on the basis of an estimate of the relationship between the expected benefit and the possible risk for the particular patient. During therapy with bisphosphonates, the importance of proper oral hygiene, preventive examinations, and warnings about the need to report any symptoms from the oral cavity, such as mobility of the teeth, pain or swelling, should be explained to patients.
There have been reports of pain in the bones, joints and / or muscles in patients receiving bisphosphonates. These symptoms are rarely severe and / or lead to disability. The time of onset of symptoms varies from one day to several months from the start of therapy.In most patients, symptoms were resolved after discontinuation of treatment. In some of them, the symptoms appeared again with the resumption of the same drug or other bisphosphonate.
In the presence of hypocalcemia, it is necessary to correct it before treatment. Other disorders of mineral metabolism (eg, vitamin deficiency D) should also be eliminated. Therapy should be combined with a diet enriched with calcium salts and vitamin D. In patients with these disorders it is necessary to monitor the calcium content in the blood and the symptoms of hypocalcemia.
In the process of treatment, a slight asymptomatic decrease in the concentration of calcium in blood serum and phosphates is possible due to the positive effect of alendronic acid on the bone mineral density, which is of particular importance for patients receiving glucocorticosteroid preparations, since they may have a decreased absorption of calcium.
In rare cases, hypocalcemia can be severe, usually in patients with a predisposition to this complication (hypoparathyroidism, vitamin deficiency D, malabsorption of calcium).
There have been reports of the emergence of pathological fractures or fractures of proximal femoral diaphysis fractures in a small number of patients taking bisphosphonates, mainly in patients receiving long-term therapy for osteoporosis. Some of the fractures belonged to the category of stress (also known as stress fracture, march fracture, fracture of Deutschlander) arising in the absence of trauma. Fractures are often bilateral, so in patients with a hip fracture, taking bisphosphonates, the second (contralateral) thigh should be examined. It is known that these fractures are poorly fused. Some patients experienced prodromal pains in the affected area weeks or months before the onset of a complete fracture, often associated with a characteristic radiographic picture of a stress fracture.
The number of reports was very small, in addition, stress fractures with similar clinical features occur in patients who do not take bisphosphonates.Patients with stress fractures should be examined with an assessment of known causes and risk factors (eg, vitamin deficiency D, impaired absorption, the use of glucocorticosteroids, stress fracture in the history, arthritis or fracture of the lower limbs, excessive or increased loads, diabetes, chronic alcoholism) and provide them with proper orthopedic care. Prior to receiving the results of the survey, consideration should be given to stopping the use of bisphosphonates in patients with stress fractures, based on an assessment of the benefit / risk ratio in each specific case. During therapy with bisphosphonates, patients should be advised to report any pain in the thigh or inguinal area. All patients who have received such complaints should be examined for incomplete fracture of the femur.
During post-marketing use, rare reports of severe skin reactions have been reported, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Lyell's syndrome (toxic epidermal necrolysis).
Other causes of osteoporosis should be taken into account, in addition to estrogen deficiency and age.
Patients should be warned that if you miss an Alendronate once a week, they should take one pill in the morning of the next day. Do not take two doses of the drug on the same day, but in the future you should return to taking the drug once a week on the day of the week that was chosen at the beginning of the treatment.