Shock (posttraumatic, postoperative, burn, hemorrhagic), intoxication (toxic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: dysentery, dyspepsia, salmonellosis, burn, radiation and hemolytic disease, peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, thyrotoxicosis, liver disease, sepsis, pneumonia, acute phase of myocardial infarction), toxemia of newborns, gestosis.