Arterial hypotension
Most often, a marked decrease in blood pressure occurs with a decrease in bcc caused by diuretic therapy, a decrease in the content of table salt in food, dialysis, diarrhea, or vomiting. In patients with CHF with concurrent renal failure or without it, there may be a marked decrease in blood pressure. This is more often detected in patients with severe CHF, as a consequence of the use of large doses of diuretics, hyponatremia or impaired renal function. In such patients, treatment with LYZINOPRIL should be started under the strict supervision of a doctor (with care to select a dose of the drug and diuretics).
Similar rules should be adhered to in the appointment of patients with IHD, cerebrovascular insufficiency, in which a sharp decrease in blood pressure can lead to myocardial infarction or stroke.
Transient hypotensive reaction is not a contraindication for taking the next dose of the drug after stabilizing blood pressure.
When using LIZINOPRILA in some patients with CHF, but with normal or low blood pressure, there may be a decrease in blood pressure, which is usually not a reason for stopping treatment.
Before the start of treatment, LIZINOPRIL, if possible, should normalize the sodium content and / or make up the BCC, carefully monitor the effect of the initial dose of LIZINOPRIL on the patient.
Impaired renal function
In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 80 mL / min) initial dose of lisinopril to be changed in accordance with QC (see. The section "Method of administration and dose"). Regular monitoring of the potassium content and creatinine concentration in the blood plasma is an obligatory tactic for the treatment of such patients. In patients with CHF, arterial hypotension can lead to impaired renal function. In such patients, there were cases of acute renal failure, usually reversible.
Stenosis of the renal artery
In particular with bilateral stenosis, or in the presence of stenosis of the artery of a single kidney,as well as inadequate blood circulation due to lack of sodium and / or liquid, the use of the drug may lead to impaired renal function, acute renal failure, which is usually irreversible after drug withdrawal.
With acute myocardial infarction
The use of standard therapy (thrombolytics, acetylsalicylic acid as an antiplatelet agent, beta-blockers). LIZINOPRIL it is possible to use together with intravenous administration or with the use of therapeutic transdermal systems of nitroglycerin, nitroglycerin under the tongue.
Surgery / general anesthesia
With extensive surgical interventions, as well as with the use of other drugs that cause a decrease in blood pressure, lisinopril blocking the formation of angiotensin II, can cause a pronounced unpredictable decrease in blood pressure.
In elderly patients the same dose leads to a higher concentration of the drug in the blood, therefore special caution is required when determining the dose.
Because the potential risk of agranulocytosis can not be ruled out, periodic monitoring of the blood picture is required.
Anaphylactoid reactions are also observed in patients on hemodialysis using high-flow dialysis membranes (for example, AN69®), which simultaneously take ACE inhibitors. In such cases, one should consider the possibility of using another type of membrane for dialysis or another antihypertensive drug.
Mitral stenosis / aortic stenosis / hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Lizinopril, like other ACE inhibitors, should be administered with caution to patients with obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (aortic stenosis, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), and also to patients with mitral stenosis.
Anaphylactic reactions during apheresis of low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
In rare cases in patients receiving ACE inhibitors, during the procedure of apheresis of LDL with the use of dextran sulfate may develop life threatening anaphylactoid reactions. To prevent the anaphylactoid reaction, therapy with ACE inhibitors should be temporarily discontinued before each apheresis procedure.
Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitization
There are some reports of the development of anaphylactoid reactions in patients receiving ACE inhibitors during desensitizing therapy, for example, by the venom of Hymenoptera. ACE inhibitors should be used with caution in patients prone to allergic reactions undergoing desensitization procedures. The use of ACE inhibitors should be avoided for patients receiving immunotherapy with bee venom. However, this reaction can be avoided by the temporary withdrawal of the ACE inhibitor before the desensitization procedure begins.
Hypersensitivity / angioedema
Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, epiglottis and / or larynx that may occur at any time of treatment has rarely been seen in patients taking an ACE inhibitor, including lisinopril. In this case, treatment with the drug should be stopped as soon as possible, and the patient should be monitored until the symptoms regress completely. Angioedema with edema of the larynx can be lethal. Swelling of the tongue, epiglottis or larynx may be the cause of airway obstruction,therefore it is necessary to immediately carry out appropriate therapy (0.3-0.5 ml of 1: 1000 epinephrine (adrenaline) solution subcutaneously) and / or measures to ensure airway patency. In cases where the edema is localized only on the face and lips, the condition usually passes without treatment, but antihistamines can be used.
The risk of developing angioedema is increased in patients who have a history of angioedema, not associated with previous treatment with ACE inhibitors.
In rare cases, against the background of therapy with ACE inhibitors, intestinal edema develops. In this case, patients have abdominal pain as an isolated symptom or in combination with nausea and vomiting, in some cases without a previous angioedema and a normal content of C1-esterase. The diagnosis is established by means of computed tomography of the abdominal cavity, ultrasound examination or at the time of surgical intervention. Symptoms disappear after stopping the intake of ACE inhibitors. In patients with abdominal pain taking ACE inhibitors, a differential diagnosis should take into account the possibilitydevelopment of angioedema.
Dry cough
Cough was used in the use of ACE inhibitors. Cough is dry, prolonged, which disappears after discontinuing treatment with an ACE inhibitor. With a differential diagnosis of cough, one should also consider a cough caused by the use of an ACE inhibitor.
Ethnic differences
It should be borne in mind that in patients of the Negroid race the risk of angioedema development is higher. Like other ACE inhibitors, LIZINOPRIL It is less effective in reducing blood pressure in patients of the Negroid race. This effect is probably associated with a marked predominance of low-grade status in patients of the Negroid race with arterial hypertension.
Double blockade of RAAS
Arterial hypotension, fainting, stroke, hyperkalemia and renal dysfunction (including acute renal failure) have been reported in susceptible patients, especially when used with medications that affect this system.
Therefore, a double blockade of RAAS due to a combination of an ACE inhibitor with ARA II or aliskiren is not recommended.
Patients with diabetes mellitus
When the drug is administered to patients with diabetes mellitus receiving hypoglycemic agents for ingestion or insulin, during the first month of therapy it is necessary to regularly monitor the concentration of glucose in the blood.
Impaired liver function
The use of ACE inhibitors can lead to the development of cholestatic jaundice with progression up to fulminant liver necrosis, therefore it is necessary to stop taking the drug with an increase in the activity of "liver" transaminases and the appearance of symptoms of cholestasis.
Hyperkalemia
During therapy with ACE inhibitors, including lisinopril, hyperkalemia may develop. Risk factors for hyperkalemia include renal failure, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, certain concomitant conditions (eg, reduced bcc, acute heart failure, metabolic acidosis), simultaneous intake of potassium-sparing diuretics (such as spironolactone, eplerenone, triamterene, amilodide), as well as preparations of potassium or potassium-containing substitutes for edible salt and the use of other drugs, which promote an increase in the potassium content in the blood plasma (for example, heparin).Hyperkalemia can lead to serious heart rhythm disturbances, sometimes with a fatal outcome. The simultaneous use of the above drugs should be done with caution.