Symptomatic arterial hypotension
Most often, a marked decrease in blood pressure occurs with a decrease in bcc caused by diuretic therapy, a decrease in the amount of salt in the diet, dialysis, diarrhea, or vomiting. In patients with CHF with simultaneous renal failure or without it, a marked decrease in blood pressure is possible.
Patients with IHD, cerebrovascular insufficiency, in whom a sharp decrease in blood pressure can lead to myocardial infarction or to a stroke, the drug Lisinopril can be administered only under strict medical supervision. Transient arterial hypotension is not a contraindication for taking the drug Lisinopril after stabilization of blood pressure.
When using the drug Lisinopril in some patients with CHF, but with normal or low blood pressure, there may be a decrease in blood pressure, which is usually not the reason for discontinuing treatment.
Before the start of treatment with the drug, if possible, should normalize the sodium content and / or make up the BCC, carefully monitor the effect of the initial dose of the drug Lisinopril on the patient.
Acute myocardial infarction
The use of standard therapy (thrombolytics, acetylsalicylic acid as an antiaggregant agent, beta-blockers). A drug Lisinopril can be used in conjunction with intravenous administration or with the use of nitroglycerin sublingually. In the first three days after myocardial infarction, a smaller dose should be used if the systolic blood pressure does not exceed 120 mm Hg. Art. With stable arterial hypotension (systolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg for more than 1 hour), the drug Lisinopril necessary cancel.
Impaired renal function
In patients with impaired renal function (KK less than 80 ml / min), the initial dose of lisinopril should be changed in accordance with the QC (see section "Dosing and Administration"). Regular monitoring of potassium content and creatinine concentration in the blood plasma is an obligatory tactic for treating such patients.
In patients with CHF, arterial hypotension can lead to impaired renal function. In such patients, there were cases of acute renal failure, usually reversible.
In the case of stenosis of the renal arteries (in particular, with bilateral stenosis or in the presence of stenosis of the artery of a single kidney), as well as in case of circulatory failure due to lack of sodium and / or liquid, the drug Lisinopril may lead to impaired renal function, acute renal failure, which usually regresses after drug withdrawal.
With acute myocardial infarction, drug therapy Lisinopril should not be started in patients with signs of impaired renal function, i.e. with a creatinine concentration of 177 μmol / L and / or proteinuria of more than 500 mg / day. If the kidney function is violated against the background of the drug Lisinopril (the concentration of creatinine exceeds 265 μmol / l or doubles its value before the start of treatment), it is necessary to decide whether to cancel the drug.
Hyperkalemia
During treatment with ACE inhibitors, including lisinopril, hyperkalemia may develop. Risk factors for hyperkalemia include renal failure, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, certain concomitant conditions (eg, reduced bcc, acute heart failure, metabolic acidosis), simultaneous intake of potassium-sparing diuretics (such as spironolactone, eplerenone, triamterene, amiloride), as well as preparations of potassium or potassium-containing substitutes for edible salt and the use of other drugs that increase the level of potassium in the blood plasma (for example, heparin).Hyperkalemia can lead to serious heart rhythm disturbances, sometimes with a fatal outcome. Combined use of the above drugs should be done with caution.
Impaired liver function
The use of ACE inhibitors can lead to the development of cholestatic jaundice with progression up to fulminant liver necrosis, therefore it is necessary to stop taking the drug with an increase in the activity of "liver" transaminases and the appearance of symptoms of cholestasis.
Increased sensitivity / angioedema
With the use of ACE inhibitors, including lisinopril, in rare cases development of angioedema of the face, lips, tongue, tongue of the upper palate and / or larynx can be observed. If these symptoms appear, the drug should be stopped immediately, the patient should be under the supervision of the doctor until the symptoms disappear completely. If angioedema affects only the face and lips, then its manifestations usually go away alone or antihistamines may be used to treat its symptoms.Angioedema, accompanied by swelling of the tongue and larynx, can lead to airway obstruction and death. When such symptoms occur, immediately enter subcutaneously epinephrine (epinephrine) in a dilution of 1: 1000 (0.3 ml or 0.5 ml) and / or provide airway patency. Patients with a history of angioedema not associated with the administration of ACE inhibitors may be at increased risk of developing it with the drugs of this pharmacotherapeutic group. In rare cases, against the background of therapy with ACE inhibitors, angioedema develops in the intestine. In this case, patients have abdominal pain as an isolated symptom or in combination with nausea and vomiting, in some cases without a previous angioedema and with a normal C content1-esterase. The diagnosis is established by means of computed tomography of the abdominal cavity, ultrasound examination or at the time of surgical intervention. Symptoms disappear after stopping the intake of ACE inhibitors. In patients with abdominal pain taking ACE inhibitors, the differential diagnosis should take into account the possibility of angioedema edema development.
Anaphylactoid reactions
In patients with the use of ACE inhibitors and hemodialysis using high-flow membranes (for example, AN69®), anaphylactoid reactions were noted. Therefore, it is desirable to use membranes of a different type or to use an antihypertensive drug of another pharmacotherapeutic group. In rare cases, when an apheresis of low density lipoproteins using dextran sulfate occurs in patients receiving ACE inhibitors, life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions may develop. To prevent the development of an anaphylactoid reaction, the use of an ACE inhibitor should be discontinued before each apheresis session. There are separate reports on the development of long-term, life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions in patients taking ACE inhibitors during desensitizing therapy to the venom of Hymenoptera insects (bees, wasps). The use of ACE inhibitors by patients should be avoided when desensitizing therapy is administered to the venom of Hymenoptera. Nevertheless, the development of anaphylactoid reactions can be avoided by the temporary withdrawal of the ACE inhibitor at least 24 hours before the desensitization procedure begins.
"Dry cough
Against the background of treatment with ACE inhibitors, a "dry" cough may occur, which disappears after the withdrawal of the drugs of this pharmacotherapeutic group. If the doctor believes that therapy with an ACE inhibitor is necessary, taking the drug Lisinopril can be continued.
Hypoglycemic drugs
With the simultaneous use of ACE inhibitors and insulin, as well as hypoglycemic drugs for oral administration, hypoglycemia may develop. The greatest risk of developing hypoglycemia is observed during the first two weeks of combination therapy, as well as in patients with impaired renal function. Patients with diabetes require careful monitoring of the glycemic profile, especially during the first month of therapy with ACE inhibitors.
Neutropenia / agranulocytosis
Neutropenia / agranulocytosis caused in patients with normal renal function receiving ACE inhibitors are generally reversible. With extreme caution, it is necessary to apply the drug Lisinopril in patients with connective tissue diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapy, in combination with allopurinol and procainamide, especially in patients with impaired renal function.In such patients, because of the greater likelihood of developing severe neutropenia and agranulocytosis, the risk of developing a severe infection is increased. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly monitor the clinical analysis of blood with the counting of the formed elements, and also recommend to the patient at the appearance of the first clinical signs of infection to immediately consult a doctor.
Patients of the Negroid race
Lizinopril and other ACE inhibitors are less effective in patients of the Negroid race, due to the prevalence of patients with hypertension with low renin activity. In patients of the Negroid race angioneurotic edema with lisinopril is more common than in patients of other races.
Surgery / general anesthesia
With extensive surgical interventions, as well as with the use of other means that cause a decrease in blood pressure, lisinopril, blocking the formation of angiotensin II, can cause a pronounced unpredictable decrease in blood pressure.
It is recommended to stop taking ACE inhibitors, including lisinopril, 12 hours before surgery, warning the anesthesia doctor about the use of ACE inhibitors.
In elderly patients before starting the drug Lisinopril should evaluate the function of the kidneys and the content of potassium in the blood plasma. Initial dose of the drug Lisinopril are selected depending on the degree of BP reduction, especially with a decrease in BCC and weighting of CHF flow (IV functional class according to the NYHA classification). Such measures allow to avoid a sharp decrease in blood pressure.